Hearing loss is a common problem in this country that affects 48 million people in the U.S., or, around 20 percent of the entire population. The chances you know someone who has hearing loss are around 1 in 5.
For many individuals, hearing loss is due to repeated exposure to loud sounds or simply the consequences of aging. For some individuals, though, hearing loss is a sign of a less common condition.
Consider six poorly understood hearing and balance disorders you should know more about.
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo results in dizziness caused by a collection of calcium carbonates crystals, or “ear rocks,” that form inside the inner ear. The medical name for these crystals is otoconia.
The otoconia typically occur due to a head injury, an infection, or similar disorders. Symptoms of BVVP include dizziness, poor balance, lightheadedness, and nausea. They may worsen with changes in head position.
BPPV can heal without intervention, but there are treatment options available including head exercises designed to move the crystals out of the inner ear structures. Drug therapy is also sometimes used and, occasionally, surgery.
Labyrinthitis
Labyrinthitis involves swelling and irritation that in the inner ear and hearing nerves – usually related to a viral, or less commonly, a bacterial, infection. This inflammation interrupts the transmission of sensory information to the brain, causing difficulties with balance, hearing, and even vision.
The treatment options offered include antiviral or antibacterial drugs and therapies used to control the symptoms of dizziness or nausea. If quickly diagnosed and treated, labyrinthitis usually causes no permanent damage. However, if left alone, permanent hearing loss can result.
Ménière’s disease
Ménière’s disease is an inner ear illness that involves vertigo, progressive hearing loss, ringing in the ears, and a feeling of fullness or pressure in the ear.
The cause of Ménière’s disease is unknown but it could be a combination of several factors, including poor fluid drainage of the inner ear, unusual immune response, viral infection, genetic predisposition, and head injury.
Treatment options include medications for vertigo, hearing aids for hearing loss and tinnitus relief, antibiotics to treat infections, and surgery for severe cases.
Acoustic neuroma
An acoustic neuroma is a rare and benign tumor of the hearing and balance nerves that disrupts the transmission of hearing and balance data to the brain. Although this tumor does not spread to other organs, it can become large enough to cause hearing loss and balance problems.
There are over 5,000 cases of acoustic neuroma annually in the US. Treatment generally includes surgical removal of the tumor or radiation. Without treatment, the acoustic neuroma may eventually push into the brain, threatening neurological function and even life.
Autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED)
Autoimmune inner ear disease is a rarely-seen but progressive condition directly related to immune cells attacking the inner ear. Like most autoimmune disorders, the cause is not well understood.
Symptoms can include hearing loss, balance problems, and tinnitus. Diagnosis includes hearing tests and also blood tests to check for general autoimmune disease.
Treatment opportunities are limited but growing, currently; they include some combination of steroids, other medications, plasmapheresis, and hearing aids or cochlear implants for hearing loss.
Otosclerosis
Otosclerosis is a disease that involves the hardening of bones in the inner ear bones. These bones are critical elements in the transmission of sound vibrations to the inner ear and then to the brain. The hardening of these bones interferes will eventually lead to slowly progressing hearing loss.
Otosclerosis often runs in families. If one parent has the disorder, there is a 25 percent chance of the child developing it, as well; two parents have the condition that likelihood increases to 50 percent.
Treatment options for mild forms of the disease include long-term observation or hearing aids. Sodium fluoride is sometimes offered to slow the progression of the disorder. In certain situations, a surgical procedure called stapedectomy is done to remove the hardened bones and replaced them with a prosthetic device.